Heavy water in Romania: Scientific and technological research, and plant design

Sfetcu, Nicolae, “Heavy water in Romania: Scientific and technological research, and plant design”, in Telework (January 08. 2023), DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.36803.68642, https://www.telework.ro/en/heavy-water-in-romania-scientific-and-technological-research-and-plant-design/   Abstract The National Nuclear Program, the studies of specialized institutes and commercial treaties with other countries, based on … Read More

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Romania’s National Nuclear Program for Heavy Water

Sfetcu, Nicolae. (2022) “Romania’s National Nuclear Program for Heavy Water”, in Telework, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31449.39526, https://www.telework.ro/en/romanias-national-nuclear-program-for-heavy-water/   Abstract After the Second World War, Romania felt the need to develop its own energy system, of much greater power, and as independent as … Read More

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Heavy Water – Overview

Sfetcu, Nicolae, ” Heavy Water – Overview”, in Telework (2022), DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31649.28003, https://www.telework.ro/en/heavy-water-overview/   Abstract An overview of heavy water: definition, properties, uses (with emphasis on the use of heavy water in nuclear reactors as a moderator and coolant). Technologies … Read More

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The supremacy of IT&C technologies

Sfetcu, Nicolae (2022). The supremacy of IT&C technologies, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33253.27362, in Telework, https://www.telework.ro/en/the-supremacy-of-itc-technologies/   Abstract Over the last 60 years, computing power has grown explosively, mainly due to space, military and industrial research, and forced by the recent COVID-19 pandemic … Read More

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Black Swan, an assumed risk – Is it worth it?

Sfetcu, Nicolae (2022). Black Swan, an assumed risk – Is it worth it? DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25379.94241, in Telework: https://www.telework.ro/en/black-swan-an-assumed-risk-is-it-worth-it/   Abstract Book review: Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (2007), The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, Random House, ISBN 978-1400063512 The … Read More

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The Car Show

The e-book details the most interesting and important characteristics of the automobiles, car maintenance, styling features, car body style, the standard classification of the cars, an history of the automobiles, introduction in the automotive industry, and the traffic code, rules and signs.

An automobile, usually called a car (an old word for carriage) or a truck, is a wheeled vehicle that carries its own engine. Older terms include horseless carriage and motor car, with “motor” referring to what is now usually called the engine. It has seats for the driver and, almost without exception, for at least one passenger. The automobile was hailed as an environmental improvement over horses when it was first introduced. Before its introduction, in New York City, over 10,000 tons of manure had to be removed from the streets daily. However, in 2006 the automobile is one of the primary sources of worldwide air pollution and cause of substantial noise and health effects.

CONTENTS:

Automobile
– History
– – Steam powered vehicles
– – Internal combustion engine powered vehicles
– – Innovation
– – Model changeover and design change
– Alternative fuels and batteries
– Current Production
– Future of the car
Automobile platforms
Automobiles
– Drivetrain
– Military
– Slangs
– Uncategorized
– See also
Car companies that do not make FWD models
Vehicle models used in the military
– Great Britain
– USA and Canada
Slang terms for automobiles
– Generic
– Coupe
– Sedan
– Limousine
– RV
– SUV/Station wagon
– Semi-truck
– – The whole thing
– – Tractor
– – Trailer
– Taxicab
– Truck
– Van
– See also
Hooptie
Semi-trailer
– Regional Configurations
– – United States
– – Europe in general
– – Sweden and Finland
– – Australia
– Construction
– Drivers license
– Road trains
– Role in Industry
– Television
Taxicab
– History and etymology
– Vehicles
– See also
Slang terms for police vehicles
– Generic
– Ambulance
– Police bicycle
– Police SUV
– Police van
– SWAT van
Jam sandwich
– See also
Panda car
– Description
– History
– Models of car used
– See also
Ambulance
– Ambulances in North America
– – Ambulance types
– – Ambulance Providers
– Ambulances in France
– – First responders vehicles
– – Hospital ambulances
– – Special warning devices and traffic law
– Ambulances in the UK
– Ambulances is Germany and Austria
– Military ambulances
– References
Police car
– Characteristics
– Markings and paint schemes
– Deterrence
– See also
Police Emergency Wagon
Paddywagon
SWAT van
– See also
Automobile manufacturers
Companies by Country
– Argentina
– Armenia
– Australia
– Austria
– Belarus
– Belgium
– Brazil
– Bulgaria
– Canada
– China
– Czech Republic
– Denmark
– Egypt
– Estonia
– Finland
– France
– Germany
– – Major Current German Automobile Manufacturers
– – Other German Manufacturers
– Greece
– Hungary
– India
– Iran
– Ireland
– Israel
– Italy
– Japan
– Latvia
– Liechtenstein
– Lithuania
– Malaysia
– Morocco
– Namibia
– Netherlands
– North Korea
– Norway
– Philippines
– Poland
– Portugal
– Romania
– Russia
– Serbia
– Slovenia
– South Korea
– Spain
– Sweden
– Switzerland
– Taiwan
– Thailand
– Turkey
– Ukraine
– United Arab Emirates
– United Kingdom
– – A-E
– – F-L
– – M-R
– – S-W
– United States
– – Major current US automakers
– – Defunct US automakers
– Vietnam
Automobile model and marque oddities
– Single-vehicle marques
– Eponymous marques
– Multi-marque models
– Unrelated models
– Identical models
– Racing homologation specials
– Not for sale
– See also
Automobile model nameplates with a discontiguous timeline
– Near-miss
– Notes
Automotive superlatives
– Some notes about units of measurement used herein
– – Engine capacity/displacement
– – Engine output
– – Fuel economy
– – Power to weight or weight to power
– Engine capacity
– Dimensions
– – Overall
– – Wheelbase
– – Track
– – Weight
– – Other
– Power
– – Most power
– – Most torque
– – Most specific power (power to weight ratio)
– – Most specific engine output (power per unit volume)
– – Most specific torque (torque per unit displacement)
– – Least specific engine output (power per unit volume)
– Performance
– Sales
– Firsts
– – Engine types
– – Engine technologies
– – Hybrid vehicles
– – Body
– – Transmission
– – Layout
– – Suspension
– – Brakes
– – Driver-aids
– – Passive-restraint
– – Tires
– – Lighting
– – Electrical system
– – Climate control
– – In-car electronics and entertainment
– – Other
– – American types
– Pre-War
– See also
Bestselling vehicle nameplates
– See also
Diesel automobiles
– Alfa Romeo
– AM General
– Audi
– Buick
– BMW
– Cadillac
– Chevrolet
– Chrysler
– Citroën
– DaimlerChrysler
– Dodge
– Fiat
– Ford
– International
– GMC
– Honda
– Hyundai
– Jaguar
– Jeep
– Kia
– Land Rover
– Lincoln
– Mazda
– Mercedes-Benz
– Mercury
– Nissan
– Opel
– Peugeot
– Renault
– Rover
– SAAB
– Seat
– Skoda
– Suzuki
– TATA
– Toyota
– Vauxhall
– Volkswagen
– Volvo
Famous automobiles
– Real
– – Historical
– – Racing
– From fiction
– – Literature
– – Movies
– – Television
– – Song
– – Comics
– See also
Unrelated vehicles with identical nameplates
Songs about automobiles
– See also
Automotive flops
– Vehicles
– Brands
– Management
Mini based cars
– Australia
– Italy
– United Kingdom
Automotive packages
Convenience package
– See also
Handling package
– See also
Navigation package
– See also
Performance package
– See also
Safety package
– See also
Sports package
– See also
Trim package
– See also
Most expensive cars
Automobile awards
European Car of the Year
– Current rules
– Comments on each winner
– – Rover P6 (1964)
– – Austin 1800 (1965)
– – Renault 16 (1966)
– – Fiat 124 (1967)
– – NSU Ro80 (1968)
– – Peugeot 504 (1969)
– – Fiat 128 (1970)
– – Citroën GS (1971)
– – Fiat 127 (1972)
– – Audi 80 (1973)
– – Mercedes-Benz S-Class (1974)
– – Citroën CX (1975)
– – Chrysler Alpine/Simca 1307-1308 (1976)
– – Rover SD1 (1977)
– – Porsche 928 (1978)
– – Chrysler/Simca Horizon (1979)
– – Lancia Delta (1980)
– – Ford Escort (1981)
– – Renault 9 (1982)
– – Audi 100 (1983)
– – Fiat Uno (1984)
– – Opel Kadett/Vauxhall Astra (1985)
– – Ford Granada Scorpio (1986)
– – Opel Omega/Vauxhall Carlton (1987)
– – Peugeot 405 (1988)
– – Fiat Tipo (1989)
– – Citroën XM (1990)
– – Renault Clio (1991)
– – Volkswagen Golf (1992)
– – Nissan Micra (1993)
– – Ford Mondeo (1994)
– – Fiat Punto (1995)
– – Fiat Brava/Bravo (1996)
– – Renault Scénic (1997)
– – Alfa Romeo 156 (1998)
– – Ford Focus (1999)
– – Toyota Yaris (2000)
– – Alfa Romeo 147 (2001)
– – Peugeot 307 (2002)
– – Renault Mégane (2003)
– – Fiat Panda (2004)
– – Toyota Prius (2005)
– – Renault Clio (2006)
North American Car of the Year
World Car of the Year
– 2006
– – World Performance Car
– – World Green Car
– – World Car Design of the Year
– 2005
Fictional automobiles
– Automobiles
– Recreational Vehicles
– Flying cars/personal spacecraft
– Railroads and trains
– See also
Auto racing
– History
– – The start
– – City to city racing
– – 1910-1950
– Categories
– – Single-seater racing
– – Rallying
– – Touring car racing
– – Stock car racing
– – Drag racing
– – Sports car racing
– – Offroad racing
– – Kart racing
– – Other categories
– Use of flags
– – Flag | Displayed from start tower | Displayed from observation post
– Accidents
Formula One
– History
– – Formative years
– – Rise in popularity
– – Modern F1
– Racing and strategy
– Drivers and constructors
– Grands Prix
– Circuits
– The future of Formula One
– – Venue changes
– – Rule changes
– – – 2005
– – – 2006
– – Small teams
– Notes
– References
Rallying
– History
– Rally cars
– Rally courses
– Reconnaissance drives
– Notable rallies
Auto show
– List of Auto Shows
Maintenance
Auto mechanic
Tire rotation
Wheel alignment
– See also
Styling Features
Hidden headlights
– Partial list of cars with hidden headlights
Personal luxury car
– Definition
– Origins
– The personal luxury market emerges
– Decline
– Partial list
– – American vehicles
– – European vehicles
Streetfighter
– Modifications are commonly made to Streetfighter:
– – Hand made frames
– Controversy
Tailfin
Vinyl roof
– History
– Styles
– Issues for Collectors
Whitewall tire
Car body style
– Styles in current use
– – Non-English terms
– – Alternative names
– Historical body styles
– See also
A-pillar
Bangle-butt
Brougham
Cab forward
Cabrio coach
Coupe
– Pronunciation
– History
Coupe de Ville
– Model History
– Popular culture
– Coupe de Ville songs
Combi coupé
Coupe Utility
– Features
– Origins
– The Term “Ute”
– Vehicles of This Style
– – Modern Coupe Utilities
– – Famous Coupe Utilities of the Past
– References
Coupe roadster
Crew cab
– References
Dune buggy
– Design
– Function
– History
– Military buggy’s
– Tube Framed Buggies
Fastback
– Examples of two-door fastback cars
– Examples of four-door fastback cars
– See also
Hackney carriage
– Black cabs
– History
– City of Boston
Hardtop
– Detachable hardtops
– Retractable hardtop
– Pillarless hardtops
– See also
Hearse
– Cultural references
– See also
High Wheeler
Kammback
Landau
– Coachbuilding
– Automobiles
– Reference
Notchback
– Examples
– See also
Panel van
– Australian panel vans
– See also
Phaeton body
Retractable hardtop
– History
– List of cars with retractable hardtops
– References
Roadster
– Old roadsters
– Hot Rod Roadsters
– Modern roadsters
– See also
Runabout
Shooting-brake
Softtop
Sportwagon
Spyder
– See also
Stanhope body
T-bucket
T-top
– See also
Targa top
Three window coupe
Tonneau
Touring car
Van
– Word usage and etymology
– – United Kingdom and Australia
– – United States
– Examples
– Usage
– Criticism
– Alternatives
– See also
– – Makes of van
– – – Full-size vans
– – – Mid-size vans
– – – Minivans
Woodie
Car classifications
– Microcar
– – Examples of microcars
– Hatchback
– – City car
– – – Examples of city cars
– – Supermini / Subcompact car
– – – Examples of superminis / subcompact cars
– – Small family car / Compact car
– – – Examples of hatchback small family cars / subcompact cars
– Sedan/saloon and station wagon / estate
– – Family car
– – – Examples of sedan/estate small family cars / compact cars
– – – Examples of large family cars / mid-size cars
– – Executive car / Luxury car
– – – Examples of mid-size executive cars / mid-size luxury cars
– – – Examples of large executive cars / full-size luxury cars
– Sportive cars
– – Hot hatch
– – – Examples of hot hatches
– – Sports saloon
– – – Examples of sports saloons
– – Sports car
– – – Examples of sports cars
– – Grand tourer
– – – Examples of grand tourers
– – Supercar
– – – Examples of supercars
– – Muscle car
– – – Examples of muscle cars
– Cabriolet / convertible
– – Examples of cabriolets / convertibles
– 4×4
– – SUVs
– – – Examples of 4x4s / SUVs
– – Crossover SUV
– – – Examples of crossover SUVs
– Minivan / MPV
– – Examples of mini MPVs
– – Examples of compact MPVs
– – Examples of large MPVs / minivans
– Other
– – Brass Era car
– – Personal luxury car
– – Recreational vehicle
– – Vintage car
– See also
List of cars
– Argentina
– Armenia
– Australia
– Austria
– Belarus
– Belgium
– Brazil
– Bulgaria
– Canada
– China
– Czech Republic
– Denmark
– Estonia
– Finland
– France
– – Current Major French Manufacturers
– – Other French Manufacturers
– – Major Current German Manufacturers
– – Other German Manufacturers
– Greece
– Hungary
– India
– Iran
– Ireland
– Israel
– Italy
– Japan
– Latvia
– Liechtenstein
– Lithuania
– Malaysia
– Namibia
– Netherlands
– North Korea
– Norway
– Philippines
– Poland
– Portugal
– Romania
– Russia
– Serbia
– Slovenia
– South Korea
– Spain
– Sweden
– Switzerland
– Turkey
– Ukraine
– United Arab Emirates
– United Kingdom
– United States
– – Major current US automakers
– – Other US automakers
– Vietnam
– See also
Vehicle size class
– North America
– Europe
Microcars
– Reasons for microcars
– Microcars by countries
– – Austria
– – Brazil
– – France
– – Germany
– – Greece
– – Hungary
– – Italy
– – India
– – Japan
– – Poland
– – Portugal
– – Spain
– – United Kingdom
– – United States
– – USSR
– Electric microcars
– See also
– References
Hatchback
– History
– – US backlash
– Similar body styles
– See also
– – Other body styles
City car
– Internal combustion engine (ICE) city cars
– – Early ages
– – Korean vs. European city cars
– – Luxury city cars
– – City car / supermini crossovers
– Battery electric city cars
– See also
Supermini car
– History
– – 50s and 60s
– – 70s – oil crisis
– – 80s
– – 90s
– – 2000s
– See also
Subcompact cars
– See also
Family car
– Small family cars
– Large family cars
– Full-size family cars
Compact car
– See also
Economy car
Sedan
– Description
– Types of sedan
– – Two-door sedan
– – Hardtop and fastback sedans
– – Hatchback sedan
– Small sedans
– Terminology
– – Origin
– – International terminology
Sports sedan
6 passenger Sedans
Station wagon
– History
– All-steel wagons
– – Full-size wagons
– – Two-door wagons
– Declining popularity in North America
– Station wagons around the world
– Tailgate evolution
– See also
– Sources
Sportive cars
Hot hatch
– Development of the hot hatch
– – Pre-History: Hot hatches and compacts before 1980
– – 1980–1990—The first generation
– – 1990–2000—The second generation
– – Hot hatches since 2000
– See also
Sports car
– Layout
– Seating
– Safety
– Examples
– See also
Grand tourers
Supercars
– Performance criteria
– Other criteria
– See also
List of supercars
– Supercars
– – 1960’s Supercars
– – 1970’s Supercars
– – 1980’s Supercars
– – 1990’s Supercars
– – 2000’s Supercars
– Unproduced supercars
– Planned supercars
– Disputed/questionable supercars
– See also
Muscle cars
– Definition
– Origins
– Politics of the Muscle Car
– Outside the US
– Modern muscle cars
– American muscle cars
– See also
Cabriolet
– See also
Convertible
– Notable convertibles
– See also
Four-wheel drive
– Design
– History
– 4WD in road racing
– Terminology
– Four wheel drives in Australia
– Unusual four-wheel drive systems
– See also
Sport utility vehicle
– Design characteristics
– History
– – Popularity
– SUVs in remote areas
– Other names
– Hybrid technology
– SUVs in recreation and motorsport
– Criticism
– – Safety
– – – Risk to other drivers
– – – Risk to pedestrians
– – – Recent improvements
– – Tax benefits
– – Fuel economy
– – Weight
– – Handling and braking
– – Image
– Protests
– – Anti-SUV vandalism
– – Slang
– See also
– Notes and references
– Additional reading
Mini SUV
– List of mini SUVs
– – Mini offroaders
– – Mini crossover SUVs
Crossover SUV
– History
– Advantages
– Continuing proliferation
– – Model(s) – Platform
– See also
Minivan
– History
– Current models
– Public image in the USA
– Minivan model prototype oddities
– Minivan examples
Recreational vehicle
Vintage car
Full-size vehicles
– Decline and renaissance
– List of full-size cars
– – Current full-size cars
– – Past full-size cars
– See also
Keicars
– History and regulations
– Manufacturers of keicars
– Famous example cars
– See also
Hybrid vehicles
– Hybrids currently available
– – Trains, trucks and buses
– – Taxicabs
– Types
– – Series
– – Parallel
– – – Full hybrid
– – – Assist hybrid
– – – Mild hybrid
– – – Plug-in hybrid
– – Hydraulic hybrid
– – Pneumatic hybrid
– – High-Power Biodiesel Hybrid
– – The different hybrid modes
– Engines and fuel sources
– – Gasoline
– – Diesel
– – Fuel cells
– – Turbines and Steam Engines
– – Hybrid fuel
– – Human Power
– Benefits
– – Incentives
– – Trade-offs
– Hybrids vs. electric vehicles
– Other hybrid vehicles
– See also
– Footnotes & references
List of hybrid vehicles
– Early designs
– 1990s
– 2000s
– Unknown date
– Planned
Gas-electric hybrid engine
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
– Types
– Advantages
– Implementations
– Battery electric vehicle
– Vehicle-to-grid
Luxury vehicles
– General definition (for American cars)
– Non-luxury prestige vehicles
– Luxury market segments (for American cars)
– – Entry-level luxury
– – Mid-luxury segment
– – High-end luxury segment
– – Ultra-luxury segment
– Luxury SUV (United States)
– – Crossover
– – Pickup trucks
– European (German) definition
– Luxury car manufacturers
– – Current luxury car manufacturers
– – Past luxury car manufacturers
– – Near-luxury brands
– References
– See also
Mid-size car
– North America
– Europe, Australia & New Zealand
– Japan
– See also
Pickup trucks
– Types of pickups
– – Compact pickups
– – North American full-size pickups
– – Mid-size Pickups
– – Coupe Utility
– – Other pickups
– Pickup cab styles
– – Standard cab
– – Extended cab
– – Crew cab
– Pickup bed styles
– – Short bed
– – Long bed
– – Step-Side
– – Very short bed
– – No bed
– The cultural significance of the pickup
– – The pickup in American culture
– – The Australian ute
– – Pickups in Thailand
– – Pickups in Europe
– Military use
– Other uses
– – Fire chief’s vehicle
– – Law enforcement
– Miscellaneous
Prestige vehicles
– Guidelines
– Semi-luxury Prestige vehicles
– Non-luxury Prestige vehicles
– Prestige categories
– List of prestige marques
Production Electric vehicles
– History
– Efficiency
– Performance
– Fuels
– Range
– Battery charging
– Battery life
– Safety
– Future
– Owners
– Controversy
– United States
– Outside the United States
– Production vehicles
– Prototypes
– Production announcements
– Hobbyists, research, and racing
– See also
– Patents
2 plus 2
Air car
Compact SUV
– List of compact SUVs
– – Compact crossover SUVs
– – Compact SUVs
Concept cars
– Some concept cars
– See also
Cyclecar
– General description
– The cyclecars appear
– Sporting cars and cyclecar races
– The decline of cyclecars
– Cyclecars by countries
– – Austria
– – Belgium
– – Canada
– – Czechoslovakia
– – France
– – Germany
– – Italy
– – Spain
– – Sweden
– – United Kingdom
– – United States
– See also
– Books
Leisure activity vehicle
Limousine
– Limousine ownership and rental
– Limousine types
– – Traditional
– – Stretch
– – Stage
– – Exotic custom limousines
– – Party bus
– See also
Pony car
– Origins of the breed
– Defining the class
– Pony car competitors
– Expansion and decline
– Later developments
Professional car
Safety car
– Formula One
– Indianapolis 500
– NASCAR
– Production safety cars
Show car
– History
– See also
Sport compact
– Classification & debate
– Tuning
– Motorsports
– Market trends
– See also
Voiturette
Green vehicles
Alternative propulsion
– Definition
– Motivation
– Application fields
– Criteria for successful application of alternative propulsion
– See also
Electric vehicles
– History
– Future
– Electric vehicles and the automotive industry
– Patents
– See also
History of the electric vehicle
Flexible-fuel vehicles
– Flexible-fuel vehicles in the United States
– Flexible-fuel vehicles in Brazil
– Flexible-fuel vehicles in Europe
– List of currently-produced flexible fuel vehicles
– – Europe
– – USA
– – Brazil
– See also
Hydrogen vehicle
– Hydrogen fuel cell
– Hydrogen internal combustion
– Automobile and bus makers
– Fuel stations
– Planes
– References
– See also
Low-energy vehicles
– Motivation
– Preconditions
– Facts
– See also
Off-road vehicles
Jeep
– History
– – The origin of the term jeep
– – The origins of the vehicle: the first jeeps
– The Jeep marque
– – Historical models
– – Current models
– – Future models
– – Concept vehicles
– See also
– References
Steam automobiles
– See also
Automobile history eras
– Eras of Invention
– Veteran era
– Brass era
– Vintage era
– Pre-War era
– Post-War era
– Modern era
Antique cars
– Considered as investments
– Value
Brass Era car
– Examples
Classic vehicles
– Pre-“Slab-sided” style era, ending in 1948 vrs. all later models
– Latest look acceptable to CCCA definition
Automotive industry
Automobile manufacturers
– Automaker listing
– See also
Kit cars
– See also
– – Australian Kit Car manufacturers
– – Canadian Kit Car manufacturers
– – Estonian Kit Car manufacturers
– – New Zealand Kit Car manufacturers
– – Swedish Kit Car manufacturers
– – UK Kit Car manufacturers
Automotive chemicals
Antifreeze
Brake fluid
– Components of mineral brake fluid
– Components of silicone brake fluid
Automotive design
Aftermarket
– Industry
– References
Tires
– History
– Etymology
– Nomenclature
– Tire types
– – Wagon tires
– – Pneumatic tires
– – Automobile tires
– – – Types of automobile tires
– – Train tires
– Tire manufacturing & maintenance
– – Some tire manufacturing companies
– – Maintenance of automobile tires
– Other use and recycling
Traffic
– Organization
– Rules of the road
– – Directionality
– – Highway code
– – Speed limits
– – Priority
– – – 4-way stop intersections
– – Overtaking
– – Lanes
– – – Designation and overtaking
– – – U.S. state-specific practices
– – Right of way
– – Expressways
– – Turning
– – One-way streets
– Pedestrian crossings
– Unorganized traffic
– Traffic pre-emption
– Intelligent Transportation Systems
– See also
– Traffic code
– See also
Driving
– Driving as a physical skill
– Driving as a survival skill
– Laws covering driving
– – Minimum driving ages
– Enforcement of driving-related laws
– See also
Driving on the left or right
– History
– Driving on the right
– – Advantages
– Driving on the left
– – Advantages
– Myths
– Changing sides
– – Foreign occupation
– – Vehicles
– Priority
– Lanes
– Places of interest
– – Canada
– – Caribbean
– – China (mainland)
– – Gibraltar
– – Guyana and Suriname
– – Hong Kong and Macau
– – Iceland
– – India
– – Italy
– – Japan
– – – Okinawa
– – Myanmar (Burma)
– – New Zealand
– – Russian Federation
– – Sweden
– – United Kingdom
– – United States
– Places with right-hand traffic
– Places with left-hand traffic
– Notes and references
– See also
Speed limit
– Signage
– Factors in Setting Speed Limits
– – Design speed
– – 85th percentile rule
– Speed limits in specific countries
– – Australia
– – Canada
– – China
– – Europe
– – – Comments
– – India
– – Japan
– – New Zealand
– – South Africa
– – United States
– Speeding
– Enforcement
– Safety and efficacy
– – Essential physics
– – Speed limits, actual speeds, and aggregate safety
– – Speed and crash factors
– Variable speed limits
– Opposition
– Roads without speed limits
– Footnotes
Traffic lights
– Introduction
– Mounting
– History
– Technology
– Pedestrian scrambles
– Control and coordination
– Preemption
– Unusual traffic-light usages
– Lane control
– Traffic lights and the law
– – Red light cameras
– Traffic lights in other contexts
– – Use as a rating mechanism or an indication of status
– – Discos
– Humour
Car safety
– History
– Color
– Pregnant women
– Children
– – Infants
– – Toddlers
– – Young children
– – Teenage Drivers
– Safety features
– – Avoidance
– – Damage control
– See also
Driving under the influence
– United States
– Canada
– Australia
– Europe
– Americas
– Africa
– Caucasus
– Middle East
– East Asia
– Western Pacific
– Central Asia
– South Asia
– South-East Asia
– Philosophical perspectives
Driver’s license
– Country specifics
– – European Union after standardisation in 1998
– – – Categories valid in all EU countries
– – – United Kingdom
– – United States and Canada
– – – Decline in licensing among young people in the U.S.
– – – Other Information/Use as Identification
– – Australia
– – New Zealand
– – Switzerland
– – Mainland of the People’s Republic of China
– – Norway
– – India
– Special licenses
– International considerations
– Use as identification
– Miscellaneous
– History
– References
Radar detector
– See also
Road safety
– History
– Defining the problem
– – The scale of the problem
– Interventions
– – Road design
– – – Road Design Features
– – – Motorway
– – Drivers and vehicles
– – Other road users
– – Criticisms
– – – Non-motorised lobby
– – – – Case study: UK pedestrian safety
– – – Motorised lobby
– See also
– Further reading
Traffic signs
– History
– North America and Australia
– – Categorization
– – Colour schemes
– – Highway symbols and markers
– – Units
– – Languages
– – Typefaces
– – – Uses of Non-FHWA Typefaces
– Europe
– – United Kingdom
– – – Guildford Rules
– – – Example directional sign
– – – Typefaces
– – – Language
– – The Netherlands
– – Finland and Sweden
– – Ireland
– Central and South America
– Asia
– – Singapore
– – Malaysia
– – People’s Republic of China
– – Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
– – India
– Africa
– – South Africa
– See also
Circular highway shield
Gantry
Prohibitory traffic sign
– Prohibitory traffic signs
– – No entry
– – Speed limits
– – No parking
– – No overtaking
Reassurance marker
Stop sign
– History
– Sign variants
– See also
Street sign theft
– In law
– Specific and/or common examples
– – Popular culture examples
– – – TV shows
– – Other culture and language
Variable message signs
Warning signs
– Warning signs
– – General Caution
– – Obstacles
– – Things Near or Crossing the Roadway
– – Road works or construction
– – Chevron Arrows
– – Tunnels
– – Bridges
– – Traffic Lights
– – Warning Signs for Regulatory Signs
– – Level Crossings and Intersections
– – Lane Starts/ends
– – No Passing Zone
– – Pedestrians
– – Schools
– – Fire stations
– – Oncoming Traffic
– – Level crossing/Railway crossing
– – Falling Rocks
– – The Unexpected
– – Road conditions
– – Side Wind
– – Slow Down
– – Merge To Stay With Through Traffic
– Warning Signs with lights
– Evacuation Routes
Yield sign
Art cars
– Overview
– Some art cars
– – The Worthington Bottle Car
– – The Nevada Car
– – Buddha Buggy
– – Camera Van
– – Flying Saucer
– – Oh my God!
– – Phone Car
– – Rocket Car
– – Furthur and Further
– – H-Wing Carfighter
– History
– Art car events
Effects of the automobile on societies
– Economic changes
– – Industry restructuring
– – Infrastructure
– Technological changes
– – Production
– Cultural changes
– – Changes to urban society
– – Advent of suburban society
– – Car culture
– – Changes to individual lifestyle in America
– – Social status
– – Recreation
– – Safety
– Car-oriented convenience
– Environmental changes
Future of the car
– Technological advances

The Car Show

The Bridge Game

A comprehensive guide of bridge game: online games, variants, suits, hand evaluation, bidding systems, techniques, strategy, tactics.

Contract bridge, usually known simply as bridge, is a trick-taking card game of skill for four players, usually sitting around a table, who form two partnerships, or “sides”. The partners on each side sit opposite one another. The game consists of two main parts – bidding (or auction) and play; the rules of play are rather simple and similar to other trick-taking games. However, the bidding and associated conventions are much more complex, and represent the true learning barrier to new players. Also, there is an immense variety of techniques in play of the hand, whose effective use requires learning and experience.

CONTENTS:

Games Classification
– Game Theory
– – The difference between a rule (or law) and a theory
– – Types of games and examples
– – Risk aversion
– – Games and numbers
– – History
– Card Games
– – Trick-taking games
– – Matching games
– – Gambling games
– – Solitaire or Patience games
– – Shedding games
– – Accumulating games
– – Games with special decks
– – Cooperative games
– – Inductive games
– – Multi-genre games
– – Trading card games
– Trick-Taking Games
– Gambling
– – Types of casino gambling:
Contract Bridge
– Introduction
– Game play
– – Dealing
– – The auction
– – The play of the hand
– – Scoring
– History
– – Tournaments
– – – Bidding boxes and bidding screens
– – Important Bridge Players
– Game Strategy
– – Bidding systems and conventions
– Play techniques
– – Basic techniques by declarer
– – Advanced techniques by declarer
– – Basic techniques by defenders
– – Advanced techniques by defenders
– Example
– Bridge on the Internet
– Definitions of common terms
– Auction Bridge
– – Play
– – Scoring
– Psychic bid
– Bridge scoring
– – General
– – – Contract points
– – – Level bonus
– – – Double and redouble bonus
– – – Overtrick points
– – – Penalties
– – Duplicate bridge
– – Rubber bridge
– – Recent scoring changes
– Duplicate bridge
– – Game types
– – – Pairs game
– – – Team game
– – – Individual events
– – Scoring
– – – Matchpoint scoring
– – – IMP scoring
– – – – IMP Table
– – – Scoring and tactics
– – – – Contrast with rubber bridge
– Board
– – Markings
– – Set
– – Pockets
– – Play
– Traveling sheet
– – Example
– Rubber bridge
– – Aim of the game
– – Scoring
– – – Game and rubber
– – – Vulnerability and slam bonus
– – – Undertricks
– – – Doubling
– – – Honors
– – Tactics
– – Example
– – History
– – See also
– Bermuda Bowl
– Venice Cup
– Masterpoints
– World Bridge Federation
Playing cards
– Early History
– European Spread and Early Design Changes
– Later Changes
– Card Game Rules and Hoyle
– Playing Cards Today
– Reference
– Aces
– Anglo-American
– Burn Cards
– Cut
– Entry
– – Example
– Goulash
– Holdout
– Jokers
– Shuffling
– – References
– Suits
– – Traditional Western playing cards
– – Suits in games with traditional decks
– – – Trumps
– – – Special suits
– – – Ordering suits
– – – Pairing or ignoring suits
– – – Suits and colors
– – Adding extra suits to the Anglo-American deck
– – – Commercial decks
– – – Home-made decks
– – Other modern suited decks
– – – Suit-and-value decks
– – – Other suited decks
– – Fictional decks
– – C Clubs
– – D Diamonds
– – H Hearts
– – S Spades
– Trumps
Hand Evaluation
– Beer card
– – Example
– Golden Fit
– High Card Points
– Law of Total Tricks
– – References
– Losing trick count
– – See also
– Quick Tricks
– Suits
– – Black suit
– – Red Suit
– – Major suits
– – – See also
– – Minor suits
– – – See also
– – Pointed suits
– – Rounded suit
– – Two Suiter
– Point count
– – References
– Zar Points
– – Hand Evaluation
– – Use in Existing Bidding Systems
– – New Bidding Systems
– – – Requirements for Game
– – – Opening Bids
– – – Responding to Opening Bids
– Diagram Convention
– – Contract bridge diagram convention
Bidding Systems
– Classification
– 2/1 Game Forcing
– – Example sequences
– Acol
– – Bidding system structure
– – Acol Variants
– – Standard Acol
– – – Opening bids
– – – Responses to 1 of a suit
– – – Responses to 1 NT
– – – Responses to 2 NT
– – – Responses to 2 C
– – – Responses to 2 of a suit
– – – Opener’s suit rebid after one-level opening
– – – Opener’s NT rebid after one-level opening
– – – Fourth suit forcing
– Blue Club
– – References
– Bridge World Standard
– Goren
– Polish Club
– – 1C opening:
– – – 1D response
– – – 1H/1S responses
– – – 1NT response
– – – 2C/2D responses
– – – 2H/2S responses
– – – 2NT response
– – – 3C/3D response
– – – 3H/3S responses
– – 1D opening
– – 1H/1S openings
– – 1NT opening
– – 2C Opening
– – 2D opening
– – 2H/2S openings
– – 2NT opening
– – 3NT opening
– – Conventions in an uncontested auction
– – – Jump shift
– – – Fourth suit
– – – Third suit
– – – Forcing 2NT
– – – 2C – check back
– – – En passant
– – Slam bidding
– – – Roman Key Card Blackwood 1430
– – – Exclusion Key Card Blackwood (1430 responses)
– – – Hoyt
– – – 5NT
– – – Cue bids
– – – Splinter bids
– – – AutoSplinter
– – – Six in the Splinter suit
– – – Interference after Blackwood
– – Competitive bidding
– – – Over opponent’s takeout double
– – – Over opponent’s overcall
– – – Support bidding after Partner’s 1H/1S opening is overcalled
– – – After Partner’s 1NT opening is overcalled
– – – After Partner’s 2D/2H/2S opening is overcalled
– – – Negative double
– – – When the second defender overcalls
– – Defensive bidding
– – – No−trump hands
– – – After 2D artificial opening (Multi or Wilkosz)
– – – Direct cue bid
– – – Jump cue bid
– – – Versus strong 1 NT opening
– – – Versus weak 1NT opening
– – – Other
– – Leads and signals
– Precision Club
– – Main Opening Sequence
– – References
– Preempt
– – See also
– Sacrifice
– – See also
– Standard American
– – Role of bidding systems
– – History of Standard American
– – Opener approximate hand strengths
– – Responder approximate hand strengths
– – References
– Strong Club System
Bridge Conventions
– Blackwood Convention
– – Roman Blackwood
– – Roman Key Card Blackwood (RKCB)
– Canapé
– Drury
– Drury convention
– – Opener’s Rebid
– – Two-way Drury
– – Real club (or diamond) suit
– Flannery
– Forcing notrump
– – Opener’s rebid
– – Responder’s rebid
– – Further bidding
– – Tactical raise
– – System implications
– – False Preference
– – Unusual 2S
– Game try
– – Long suit game try
– – Short suit game try
– – Help suit game try
– – Counter try
– – 2NT game try
– – Preemptive reraise
– – Slam evaluation
– Grand slam force
– Jacoby 2NT
– Jacoby Transfer
– – History and usage
– – Transfer procedure
– – Subsequent bids
– – References
– Kamikaze 1NT
– Lebensohl
– Lightner double
– Meyerson convention
– – See also
– Michaels cuebid
– Multi 2 diamonds
– – Description
– Relay bid
– Rosenkrantz redouble
– Semi-forcing notrump
– Splinter bid
– Stayman Convention
– Puppet Stayman
– Takeout double
– – Requirements
– – Examples
– – Responses
– – Protective and balancing doubles
– – West 1H
– – North Pass
– – East Pass
– – South ?
– – West 1C 2H
– – North Pass Pass
– – East 1H Pass
– – South Pass ?
– Unusual notrump
– Weak two bid
– Defenses to 1NT
– Brozel
– – See also
– Cappelletti
– – See also
– DONT
– – See also
– Landy
– – See also
Bridge Techniques
– Contract bridge playing techniques
– Squeeze
– – Classification
– Automatic squeeze
– Backwash squeeze
– – Example
– Compound squeeze
– – Example
– Criss-cross squeeze
– Double Squeeze
– Simultaneous double squeeze
– Non-simultaneous double squeeze
– Entry-shifting squeeze
– Guard squeeze
– – See also
– Progressive squeeze
– Pseudo-squeeze
– Simple squeeze
– Single-suit squeeze
– Stepping-stone squeeze
– Strip squeeze
– Suicide squeeze
– Trump squeeze
– Winkle squeeze
– Squeezee
– Avoidance play
– – Example
– Coup
– – Pure Coups
– – Deceptive Coups
– – Illegal Coups
– Bath coup
– – Defense
– Coup en passant
– – See also
– Devil’s coup
– – See also
– Trump coup
– – See also
– Morton’s fork coup
– – Example
– Scissors coup
– – See also
– Crossruff
– Duck
– – Preserving an entry
– – Denying an entry (declarer play)
– – Denying an entry (defender play)
– – Rectifying the count
– – Endplay
– Dummy reversal
– – Example
– Endplay
– Finesse
– – Direct finesse
– – Indirect finesse
– – Double finesse
– – Deep finesse
– – Leading high for a finesse
– – Marked finesse
– – Two-way finesse
– – Ruffing finesse
– – Free finesse
– – Bath Coup
– – Trump coup and coup en passant
– – Suit combinations
– Holdup
– – Example
– – Rule of seven
– – See also
– Loser on loser
– – Example
– – See also
– Ruff
– Ruff and discard
– Safety play
– – See also
– Signal
– – Standard signals
– – – Attitude signal
– – – Count signal
– – – Suit preference signal
– – Discarding agreements
– – – Lavinthal (McKenney)
– – – Odd-Even
– – Upside down count and attitude
– – Disclosure
– – Falsecarding
– Smother Play
– – See also
– Trump promotion
– See also
– Uppercut
– Principle of restricted choice
– – Example
– – Math theory
Contract bridge glossary
The Bridge Game